Positivism
- Foundation: Positivism is grounded in the idea that the only authentic knowledge is scientific knowledge, which comes from empirical evidence and logical reasoning.
- Nature of Reality: It assumes that reality is objective and can be observed and described from an outsider’s perspective without bias.
- Research Methods: It typically employs quantitative methods such as experiments and surveys, aiming to discover general laws and cause-effect relationships.
- Role of Researcher: Researchers are seen as detached observers who do not influence the phenomena being studied.
Post-Positivism
- Foundation: Post-positivism emerged as a critique of positivism, acknowledging that while scientific methods are valuable, they have limitations.
- Nature of Reality: It suggests that reality can never be fully understood, and knowledge is always subject to revision. Reality is seen as complex and influenced by various factors.
- Research Methods: It often uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Emphasis is placed on the context and the interpretive nature of findings.
- Role of Researcher: Researchers are seen as part of the research process, with their perspectives influencing the research outcomes. There is an acknowledgment of potential biases, and researchers strive for objectivity while recognizing their own influence.