Quiz on Mass Communication Paper 2

Berlo’s SMCR components are affected by many factors. His model focuses on encoding and decoding which takes place before sender sends the message and before receiver receives the message respectively, under this model hearing seeing touching testing and smelling come under the component of channel बेरलो के SMCR घटक कई कारकों से प्रभावित होते हैं। उसका मॉडल एन्कोडिंग और डिकोडिंग पर केंद्रित होता है जो प्रेषक को संदेश भेजने से पहले होता है और रिसीवर को संदेश क्रमशः प्राप्त होने से पहले, इस मॉडल की सुनवाई के तहत स्पर्श परीक्षण और महक चैनल के घटक के तहत आती है।

“Important aspect of the mode is two way communication process which is recommended by De Fleur. This model is the first to introduce two way feedback and the concept of targeted audience in the communication process.
मोड का महत्वपूर्ण पहलू दो तरह की संचार प्रक्रिया है जो डी फ्लेयुर द्वारा अनुशंसित है। यह मॉडल दो तरह की प्रतिक्रिया और संचार प्रक्रिया में लक्षित दर्शकों की अवधारणा को पेश करने वाला पहला है।
“

The concept and theories of framing were discovered for the field of sociology by Erving Goffman (1974), and it was renewed sociological perspective which was used in communication studies. फ्रेमन की अवधारणा और सिद्धांतों को इरविंग गोफमैन (1974) द्वारा समाजशास्त्र के क्षेत्र के लिए खोजा गया था, और यह समाजशास्त्रीय दृष्टिकोण को नवीनीकृत किया गया था जिसका उपयोग संचार अध्ययन में किया गया था।

“Works: McLuhan’s work was a reflection of the turmoil of the times. He focused on technology, the medium of the message to our brains. The Gutenberg Galaxy: The Maing of typographic Man was written by Marshal McLuhan in 1962 काम करता है: मैकलुहान का काम उस समय की उथल-पुथल का प्रतिबिंब था। उन्होंने प्रौद्योगिकी पर ध्यान केंद्रित किया, हमारे दिमाग को संदेश देने का माध्यम। द गुटेनबर्ग गैलेक्सी: द मैंग ऑफ टाइपोग्राफिक मैन को मार्शल मैक्लुहान ने 1962 में लिखा था
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“Marketplace of ideas. The marketplace of ideas is a rationale for freedom of expression based on an analogy to the economic concept of a free market. … The marketplace of ideas metaphor is founded in the philosophy of John Milton. विचारों का बाज़ार। विचारों का बाजार एक मुक्त बाजार की आर्थिक अवधारणा के अनुरूप एक अभिव्यक्ति की स्वतंत्रता के लिए एक तर्क है। … विचारों के बाजार का रूप जॉन मिल्टन के दर्शन में स्थापित किया गया है।
“

Rogers (2003), the innovation-decision process involves five steps: (1) knowledge, (2) persuasion, (3) decision, (4) implementation, and (5) confirmation.

A phenomenon whereby violence-related content of mass media makes viewers believe that the world is more dangerous than it actually is. this concept was coind by George Garbner in Cultivation Analysis एक घटना जिससे जनसंचार माध्यमों की हिंसा संबंधी सामग्री दर्शकों को विश्वास दिलाती है कि दुनिया वास्तव में जितनी खतरनाक है, उससे कहीं अधिक खतरनाक है। यह अवधारणा जार्ज गार्नर द्वारा कल्टीवेशन एनालिसिस में समन्वित थी

Eluhu Katz states that messages delivered by opinion leaders through interpersonal communication to masses in the second level of two step flow theory would change audience thinking and decisions एलुहु काट्ज़ कहते हैं कि दो कदम प्रवाह सिद्धांत के दूसरे स्तर में जनता के लिए पारस्परिक संचार के माध्यम से राय नेताओं द्वारा दिए गए संदेश दर्शकों की सोच और निर्णय बदल देंगे

Gonzo journalism is a style of journalism that is written without claims of objectivity, often including the reporter as part of the story via a first-person narrative. गोंजो पत्रकारिता पत्रकारिता की एक ऐसी शैली है जो निष्पक्षता के दावों के बिना लिखी जाती है, जिसमें अक्सर एक प्रथम-कथा के माध्यम से कहानी के हिस्से के रूप में रिपोर्टर भी शामिल होता है।

Centre for contemporary cultural study Burmingham. Stuart Hall and E P Thomption (working class) and Richard Hogart( education)

“Roland Barthes found the modern science of semiology, applying
structuralist (or semiotic) methods to the “myths” that he saw all around him:
media, fashion, art, photography, architecture, literature.
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Harold Lasswell, a political scientist and communication theorist proposed that the media forms three social functions: surveillance, correlation, and transmission. … With this function, media’s job is to convey social ideas and cultural heritage to the next generation of media consumers.

Campaign journalism – campaign journalism come from the smallest outlets, such as the local papers campaigning to save a local hospital or library , deals with repeatedly writing on a particular issue. It is also known as crusading journalism

“Joseph was connected with dozens of newspapers either as editor or as
columnist, but he was most well known for his deeply thought-provoking
column Over a Cup of Tea.”

“Community Radios in India were started after the first policy for
Community Radios was approved in the year 2002. This policy allowed
only Educational Institutions to set up Community Radios. This policy was
broad-based in 2006 when grassroots organizations like NGOs and other
Not-for-Profit organizations were also allowed to set up Community
Radios in India.”

“Television started in India on an experimental basis on September 15, 1959 with
a limited transmission on three days a week. The scope of programmes was
restricted to educational broadcasts for a limited area around New Delhi.”

“To be media literate is to be informed about and able to understand the content of
all media forms. The skill has been recognized as important in the 21st Century ,
many schools now offer contemporary courses in 'Media Studies' which teaches
young people this skill. Students are taught how to analyze and evaluate media
messages in such courses.”

“Centre for contemporary cultural study Burmingham. Stuart Hall and E P
Thomption (working class) and Richard Hogart( education)

Another strand by Ronold Barthes is semiology – cultural symbols
communicate and reproduce ideology of capitalist, concept of connotation
and denotation”

Selective attention is the process of directing our awareness to relevant stimuli while ignoring irrelevant stimuli in the environment.

“Katz et al. (1973b) believed that mass media are the ways by which human beings connect or disconnect themselves with other individual living in the society:-
• Cognitive Needs: when an individual wants to enhance knowledge, information and understanding (West,et al.2010).

• Affective Needs: are linked with emotion, pleasure and feelings

• Personal Integrative Needs : are connected to credibility, stability and status of the individuals

• Social Integrative Needs : are related to family and friends

“

“In Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry, Jurgen Ruesch and Gregory
Bateson argue that intrapersonal communication is indeed a special case of
interpersonal communication, as “”dialogue is the foundation for all discourse”

Aristotle’s Ethos Pathos And Logos

“The intuitive style of communication influenced by Buddhism rejects the
Western linear or abstract thinking pattern, as well the Confucian preoccupation
of conventional knowledge. Instead, it is greatly identified with Chinese Taoism
emphasizing the inner liberation through a direct understanding of life or an
original spontaneity to catch every instant moment of life (Watts, 1957). In
other words, the intuitive communication style is “to feel” rather than “to
analyze” or “think about” the situation in the process of interaction. Abstraction
and conceptualization are denied.”

“Gestalt theory is based on the idea that the human brain will attempt to simplify and
organize complex images or designs that consist of many elements, by subconsciously
arranging the parts into an organized system that creates a whole, rather than just a
series of disparate elements.”

“English philosophers and economists  Jeremy Bentham  and  John Stuart Mill  that an
action is right if it tends to promote  happiness  and wrong if it tends to produce the
reverse of happiness—not just the happiness of the performer of the action but also
that of everyone affected by it.”

Leon Festinger developed the cognitive dissonance theory 1957.