Quiz on Political Science Paper 2

Pandita Ramabai was the first woman to be accorded the titles of Pandita as a Sanskrit scholar and Sarasvati after being examined by the faculty of the University of Calcutta.‘A wise person’ and ‘goddess of learning/wisdom’ respectively.

In the year 1882, the government of India had appointed a commission (The Hunter Education Commission) that was to look into education in India and Ramabai gave evidence before the commission suggesting that the teachers should be trained for their jobs and more women should be appointed by schools.

” While her future was a little uncertain, during the same time she was invited to America, in 1886 to attend her cousin Anandibai Joshi’s graduation ceremony, India’s very first woman doctor. A year later in December 1887, the American Ramabai Association was formed in Boston by her admirers, and she was able to gather financial support for residential schools for Hindu widows.

– To raise funds for the same purpose, she also wrote the book The High Caste Hindu Woman and was able to sell ten thousand copies of it.

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Ramabai came back to India in 1889. A month later in March 1889 (11th march) she opened Sharada Sadan (or Home for Learning) in Mumbai. She started this with an aim to empower young widowed women. She taught the women to read, write, learn history and environment, among others. – Sharada Sadan was the first institution in India to provide residential school for Brahmin women, mainly widows, but also unmarried girls. It was the first organisation to provide them formal and regular school education and vocational training.

“- In 1889, famine hit Pune city. Attempting to control it, the government placed restrictions on the movement of people and a limit was placed on the number of people who could reside in Sharada Sadan.

– Not wanting to waste time, Ramabai went to Khedgaon near Pune, where she had purchased 100 acres of land, and set up Mukti Mission. She provided housing to women and children attending the school.”

In September 1883 Pandita Ramabai converted to Christianity. This was when she was living in at Wantage as a guest of the Anglican Community of St Mary the Virgin.

“- Meera Kosambi has pointed out that her conversion also needs to be seen and critiqued from the context of the imperial, orientalist, patriarchal framework.
– There have been many books and scholarly works on the life of Pandita Ramabai by writers and scholars from the east and the west both. Some of the prominent ones being the works of Meera Kosambi and Uma Chakravarti.
– Yet she continued working. In 1919, she was awarded the Kaiser-e-Hind Gold Medal.

“Benjamin Constant : Two types of Liberty

Liberty of Ancient ( Freedom means to free to participate in Politics/ Here Liberty denotes Activities)
Liberty of Moderns ( Absence from Restrictions / Freedom to be left alone)”

“G C MacCallum :

Book: Negative and Positive Freedom 1972

He combined Postitive and Negative Freedom

His definition of Freedom is called Triadic Definition Freedom because he presented three dimensions of Freedom

“” X is free from Y to do or be Z “”

Free from Y: Negative Dimension

To do Z (Something) : Positive Dimension”

“Ernest Barker
Political Liberty : Ernest Barker Book ; Principles of social and political theory 1951 // People should have right to thought, expression and influence decision making.
Ernest Barker, “”Economic liberty implies in civil liberty, in the sphere of economic liberty adjustment between the claims of liberty and equality becomes most essential”””

” Kroptkin: He talk about a society which ,””Will leave to the Individual man complete and perfect freedom””

Godwin on Liberty- Liberty is most valuable of all human possessions

Bakunin – Liberty is the absolute source and condition of all good”

Friedrich Hayek: Book : The Road to Serfdom 1944, ” Political freedom is meaningless without economic freedom” “More important is the freedom of choices of one’s work because it is more important for our happiness than freedom to spend income during the hours of leisure”

“-Ancient Greece Thinkers were against equality , they were Plato, Aristotle ,,,, but not the whole Hellenistic philosophy was against equality, there were two school of thoughts those were supporting equality (Stoicism and Sophist)

– Stoicism an ancient Greek school of philosophy founded at Athens by Zeno of Citium. The school taught that virtue, the highest good, is based on knowledge; the wise live in harmony with the divine Reason (also identified with Fate and Providence) that governs nature, and are indifferent to the vicissitudes of fortune and to pleasure and pain.”

Hobbes Locke and Rousseau also talk about equality, and the dimension of equality there were discussing was Natural.. Hobbes has pointed out that nature has made men so equal in the faculties of body and mind. On this assumption he postulated two types of equality between men, equality of ability and equality of satisfying their wants.

laissez-faire. [ (les-ay-fair, lay-zay-fair) ] French for “Let (people) do (as they choose).” It describes a system or point of view that opposes regulation or interference by the government in economic affairs beyond the minimum necessary to allow the free enterprise system to operate according to its own laws.

“Legal Equality: It emerges as criticism of Legal system of Medieval European Society

Medieval European Society was divided into many classes and for every class their was different legal system , not equal legal system, Clergy, Aristocrats have some legal privileges

Everyone will be equal before Law, Legal Equality

J J Rousseau Book: The Social Contract 1762, “”Extension of legal equality to all citizens was the primary characteristic of civil society””

Legal equality creates formal equality and Equal Rights.”